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| Roman Empire – – – – – – – – – – – – | Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – | Scientific Revolution | ||||||||||||||
| Crisis of 3rd Century |
Plague | Dark Ages of Europe |
Carolingian Renaissance |
High Middle Ages – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Crusades – – – – – – – – – – |
Black Death Plague (Europe) |
Reformation | ||||||||||
| Scholastic Age – – – – – – – | ||||||||||||||||
| Renaissance – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – | ||||||||||||||||
| Baroque Art – – – | ||||||||||||||||
| Baroque Music | ||||||||||||||||
| AD (1st century) (classical period) |
Roman Empire Julio-Claudians: expansion: Britain, Mauretania (Africa), Judaea, Thrace Nero: fire A.D. 64: 1st persecution of Christians (Peter and Paul) killed A.D. 68 69: Year of 4 emperors (“secret of empire” emperor made outside Rome by army) 69-96: Flavian Dynasty 69-79 Vespasian (equestrian; emperor by army) (destruction of Temple at Jerusalem) 79-81 Titus (eruption of Mt. Vesuvius) 81-96 Domitian (93-96: “Reign of Terror”) |
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(2nd century) (classical period) |
96-192: Antonines “Good Emperors” 96-98: Nerva: senator; adoptive succession 98-117: Trajan (from Spain; greatest expansion; literature and public works) 117-138: Hadrian: consolidation (Hadrian’s Wall in Britain) 138-161: Antoninus Pius (Antonine Wall: Britain) 146- c. 170: work of Ptolemy (Alexandrian astronomer and geographer) c. 160: Gaius Institutiones (legal textbook) 161-180: Marcus Aurelius (philosopher; wars) 165-190: “Antonine plague” (8% of population of Europe) 129 -?199/216: Galen (physician) 180-192: Commodus (son of Marcus Aurelius) (N.B. Commodus was not adopted based upon merit, as his predecessors did) End 2nd century: N Britain, Babylonia, etc. abandoned |
| (3rd century) | 193-235: Severan dynasty 193-211 Septimus Severus 212-217: Caracalla (citizenship to all free inhabitants of the empire) 218-222: Elagabalus 222-234: Severus Alexander 235-284: “Crisis of the 3rd century” [Revolt of family of Fars establishes Sassanian dynasty in Persia] Military anarchy Gaul overrun by Franks and Alamanni; Franks to Spain Goths invade Greece, take Byzantium 271-275: Aurelian Walls built around Rome Saxon pirates in Britain Parthians to Syria c. 260: senatorial aristocracy excluded from military commands |
| 4th century | Tetrarchy (Later Empire) 284-306: Diocletian (son of freedman from east) 301: taxation in Italy for 1st time Persecution of Christians Division of empire East and West, 4 sections (tetrachies) Succession system: Augustus-Caesar 306-337: Constantine Capital moved to Constantinople; oriental style court; Increase in size and cost of army and administration 312: battle of Milvian Bridge Conversion to Christianity 313: “Edict of Milan” 325: sole Emperor East and West Council of Nicaea (Nicene Creed) Irish monasticism: 350’s eastern monasticism Post 350: Reparatio Saeculi: “Age of Restoration” 361-363: Julian (the Apostate); died as a result of a wound fighting during his Persian campaign 379-395: Theodosius I Suppression of paganism Aelius Donatus, most famous grammarian, teacher of Jerome, author of Ars Minor and Ars Maior |
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5th century |
Vulgate Bible (completed c. 405) by Jerome
Barbarian Invasions Angles, Saxons, and Jutes raid and settle in English (Germanic basis of English; Celts withdraw to Wales and Cornwall) St. Patrick (died c. 460) 410: Sack of Rome by Alaric (and Visigoths); Britain abandoned Barbarian kingdoms established in Gaul and Spain Vandals established in Africa 438: publication of Theodosian Code (law; under Theodosius II and Valentinian III) 451: Attila invades Italy, defeated 455: Vandals sack Rome 476: Romulus Augustulus: last “Roman” emperor “End of Western Roman Empire” Byzantine Empire continues in east Dominance of Ostrogoths in West (Odoacer: king 476-491; had served under Romans) |
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6th century |
527-65: Justinian emperor in East (Theodora, co-empress) Legal texts: Codex, Digest, Institutes Plague (541-544)(about one quarter of population of Europe) c. 532: Dionysius, mathematician, astronomer, and theological scholar in trying to establish rules for calculating Easter, creates Christian calendar and starts practice of dating A.D. (anno Domino) 536: Year without summer (climate change) 590’s Pope Gregory (missionary activity) Missionaries from Ireland and Rome to England [Transfer of center of learning to the Isles] |
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7th century |
c. 602-636: Isidore, bishop of Seville (Spain). Encyclopedia Etymologiae or Origines |
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8th century |
[“Dark Ages” of Europe] |
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9th century |
800-814 Charlemagne (Carolus Magnus) “Holy Roman Empire” Carolingian Renaissance Recognition of difference between Latin and proto-Romance languages Recruitment of scholars from British Isles back to continent (Alcuin, etc.) |
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10th century |
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11th century |
“High Middle Ages” (c. 1050-c. 1300) agrarian > urbanized Commercial revival “Age of Faith”: height of papal power; cathedrals built; New orders: Cistercians, Dominicans, Franciscans First universities Crusades and expansion of territory: Most of (Muslim) Spain reconquered New principalities (eastern Mediterranean) Northeast: Baltic coast Southern Italy and Sicily (Byzantine and Islamic) 1001: Bologna Law School founded 1054: Great Schism of Latin and Greek Churches 1066: Battle of Hastings-William the Conqueror of Normandy defeats King Harold (Saxons) Norman French rule of England for next 200 years 1095-1099: First Crusade-regains Holy Land (from Islam) 1098: Cistercian monastic order founded |
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12th century |
Late 12th-13th centuries: Scholastic Age Translations from Greek and Arabic into Latin Influence of Aristotle (13th century) triumph of philosophy Education reforms: law, medicine, theology, philosophy; Decline in literature Universities replace episcopal schools Assimilation of new material (beginning of 13th century): Gothic script; manuscript illumination (more important than text itself) 1167: Nucleus of University of Oxford 1187: Jerusalem lost |
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13th century |
c. 1200: University of Paris founded 1202: Leonardo Pisano (Fibonacci) Liber Abaci 1209: Franciscan Order founded Cambridge University founded 1215: Magna Carta Dominican Order founded 1229: Genghis Khan takes Peking 1230: First gunpowder used in China 1244: Jerusalem taken by Muslims 1250: Inca culture in Cuzco area 1265/6-73: Aquinas [1224-1274] Summa Theologiae 1275-92: Marco Polo in China 1276: Paper manufactured in Italy |
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14th century |
Renaissance (13th in Italy) 14th-16th Century Humanism Printing press Commercial book trade (breaks ecclesiastical monopoly) Private libraries “All” (printed) knowledge available to scholars Latin: remains common language of scholarship; rise of vernacular literature; translations from Latin into vernacular 1304-74: Petrarch 1309-77: Avignonese Papacy (Babylonian captivity) [decline in authority of Catholic church; access of members of papal court to libraries of France; easier contact with north and its legacy] 1315: Famine 1320: Dante Divine Comedy Poetry and philosophy do not conflict Return of papacy to poverty of Peter and restoration of worldly dominion to monarchs 1328-1384: John Wycliffe (first English translation of the Bible) 1337-1453: Anglo-French Hundred Year’s War 1346-50: Black Death Plague (reaches Europe) 1364-65: Universities of Cracow and Vienna founded 1378-1417: Great Papal Schism (Rome and Avignon) 1380-1459: Poggio Bracciolini (search for classical manuscripts; Humanistic script) |
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15th century |
1449-1515: Aldus Manutius: Aldine Press (Venice): printed editions of Greek texts Lorenzo Valla; Angelo Politian (Poliziano) 1453 Fall of Constantinople and Eastern Roman Empire to the Turks 1456: Vulgate Bible printed (by Gutenberg) in Mainz 1466/69-1536: Erasmus of Rotterdam, Dutch humanist 1468-1540: Guillaume Budé (French classical scholar) 1470’s editions of Latin texts 1481: Spanish Inquisition 1483-1546: Martin Luther, German religious reformer 1492: Columbus sails to new world 1491-1540: St. Ignatius of Loyola, Spanish founder of Society of Jesus |
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16th century |
16th-17th Century: “Scientific Revolution” Rise of physician Reformation Classical scholarship in the Netherlands 17th century: textual criticism (Richard Bentley) Origins of paleography (study of old manuscripts) 1503: Leonardo da Vinci- Mona Lisa 1508-12: Michelangelo- Sistine Chapel 1516 (-1535): Erasmus edition of Greek-Latin New Testament with Annotationes 1517: Luther- 95 Theses 1530-1596: Jean Bodin, French political philosopher 1534: Jesuit Order founded (Ignatius of Loyola) 1543: Copernicus (De Revolutionibus) Baroque Period of art: late 16th-17th century 1561-1626: Sir Francis Bacon, English philosopher 1564-1616: William Shakespeare, English dramatic poet 1564-1642: Galileo Galilei, Italian astronomer 1569: Mercator’s map of the world 1571-1630: Johannes Kepler, German astronomer 1578-1657: William Harvey, English physician 1582: Gregorian Calendar (Pope Gregory) revised that only centuries that are divisible by 400 are a leap year. 1588-1679: Thomas Hobbes, English political philosopher 1596-1650: Rene Descartes, French philosopher |
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17th Century |
Baroque Period of music: 17th – early 18th century 1606-1669: Rembrandt van Rijn, Dutch painter 1628: De Motu Cordis (circulation of blood) by Harvey 1632-1723: Antony van Leeuwenhock, Dutch natural historian (microscope) 1633: Andrew White Relatio Itineris in Marilandiam 1637: Discours de la methode by Descartes (Latin trans. 1644) 1641-42: Meditationes de Prima Philosophia (1st– 2nd ed.) by Descartes 1642-1727: Isaac Newton, English physicist 1644: Dissertatio de Methodo (Latin translation) by Descartes 1646-1716: Gottfired van Leibniz, German mathematician and philosopher 1664-65: Great Plague in England 1672: Isaac Newton formulates law of gravitation 1682: Louis XIV moves court and government to Versailles 1687: Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica by Newton 1685-1750: J. S. Bach |
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18th Century |
1707-1778: Carolus Linnaeus, Swedish botanist 1704: Opticks, on light by Newton 1705: Edmund Halley predicts the return of “his” comet 1727: plant physiology founded by Hales 1735: Systema Naturae (1st ed.) by Linnaeus |